CHWLD - Editorial

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PROBLEM LINK:

Practice

Contest

Author: Md Shahid

Tester: Arkapravo Ghosh

Editorialist: Md Shahid

DIFFICULTY:

Hard

PREREQUISITES:

Descrete Mathematics, Generating function and Modular Exponentiation

PROBLEM:

Given-

- $f(0) = 1$
- $f(1) = 5$
- $f(n) = 2f(n-1) + f(n-2) + 2^{n-2}$ when $n \geq 2$

you need to calculate all values of f(i) in a range L to R, where L \leq i \leq R

QUICK EXPLANATION:

The solution of the given recursive function is f(n) = 2^n + 3n. Use modular exponentiation to make your program run within time limit.

EXPLANATION:

This problem belongs to Discrete Mathematics. In the real life scenario, you also have to face such problem where there can be a recursive equation but you can not solve it recursively because recursion can cause your program to execute for a long time, in Competitive programming you will get time limit exceed(TLE) and as a competitive programmer you don’t want it right. So here come two techniques to solve
this type of problem-

- Using Generating Function
- Matrix Exponentiation.

Here, i will talk about how to solve this problem using generating function.

   Let $G(x) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} a_n x^{n}$ be generating function.

   Then $f(n) = 2f(n-1) + f(n-2) + 2^{n-2}$ -------(1)
   when $n \geq 2$, $f(0) = 1$, $f(1) = 5$ 


   Multiplying both sides of (1) by $x^n$ and summing from $n=2$ to ${\infty}$


    $\sum_{n=2}^{\infty} a_n x^n - 2 \sum_{n=2}^{\infty} a_{n-1} x^n + \sum_{n=2}^{\infty} a_{n-2} x^n$ 
   $= \sum_{n=2}^{\infty} 2^{n-2} x^n$ 
   

   or  $G(x) - a_0 - a_1 x -2x(G(x) - a_0) + x^2 G(x) =  \frac{x^2} {1-2x}$ 

   Substituting a_0 =1, a_1 = 5  

   $(1-2x - x^2)G(x) = 1 + 3x + \frac {x^2} {1-2x} $ 

   or $G(x) = \frac {1+x-5 x^2}{(1-2x)(1-x)^2}$ 

   or $ G(x) = \frac {1}{1-2x} - \frac {3}{1-x} + \frac {3}{(1-x)^2}$ 

   or $ G(x) = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (2x)^n - 3 \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} x^n +3 \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (n+1) x^n $ 

 or $ G(x)= \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} (2^n - 3 + 3(n+1)) x^n$ 

   $a_n = 2^n - 3 + 3(n+1) = 2^n + 3n $ 


   $ \therefore a_n = 2^n + 3n$

AUTHOR’S AND EDITORIALIST’S SOLUTIONS:

Author’s and editorialist’s solution can be found here.

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