PROBLEM LINK:
Div-1 Contest
Div-2 Contest
Div-3 Contest
Practice
Author & Editorialist: Samarth Gupta
Tester: Felipe Mota
DIFFICULTY:
MEDIUM
PREREQUISITES:
Bitwise XOR, FFT/NTT
PROBLEM:
Given an array A, you need to compute sum of bitwise XOR of all subsequences of A of length less than equal to M.
QUICK EXPLANATION:
Let’s precompute the answer for every M. Consider the i^{th} bit. Let there be n_1 ones and n_0 zeros. The answer for subsequences of size M is \sum\limits_{i=1,i+=2}^{n_1} {n_1 \choose i}{n_0 \choose M-i}. This is clearly a convolution and so we can use FFT/NTT to evaluate it for every M and answer the queries in O(1).
EXPLANATION:
We know that in bitwise xor, bits i and j(i != j) are independent and so we can solve the problem for each bit independently. Consider the i^{th} bit from right. Suppose we need to select subsequences of size M. Assuming there are n_1 ones and n_0 zeros, the number of ways to select subsequences of size M such that bitwise XOR is 1 can be written as:
S_{M,i} = \sum\limits_{j=1,j+=2}^{n_1}{n_1 \choose j}{n_0 \choose M-j}
because in the subsequence we need to select odd number of 1's and remaining bits as 0.
The sum of subsequences of size M can be found using:
\sum\limits_{i=0}^{\lfloor log(max(A_i))\rfloor} S_{M,i} \times 2^i
Clearly we can pre-compute the answer for every M and answer the queries in O(1) using prefix sum arrays. The complexity of this approach is O(N^2*log(max(A_i))+ Q) which is sufficient for subtask 1.
Constructing the Polynomials
Consider the expression for S_{M,i}. We can see this as a convolution and can think of polynomials which would give us the same expression when multiplied.
Consider P(x) = \sum\limits_{i=1,i+=2}^{n_1}{n_1 \choose i}x^i and Q(x) = \sum\limits_{i=0}^{n_0}{n_0 \choose i}x^i. What happens when we multiply P(x) and Q(x)?
Let’s try to find the coefficient of x^M in the polynomial R(x) = P(x)Q(x). We take x^i from P(x) and x^{M-i} from Q(x) for all valid odd i and add them up. We can then see the coefficient of x^M in R(x) is S_{M, i}.
Polynomial multiplication
Naive Multiplication of polynomials P(x) and Q(x) is O(N^2) for a particular bit and so O(N^2*log(max(A_i))) overall which has room for improvement if we do polynomial multiplication using FFT/NTT. Answering the queries is O(1) since we just need to maintain a prefix-sum array.
Overall Complexity: O(N*log(N)*log(max(A_i)) + Q)
SOLUTIONS:
Setter's & Editorialist Solution
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#define ll long long
#define ull unsigned ll
#define For(i,j,k) for (int i=(int)(j);i<=(int)(k);i++)
#define Rep(i,j,k) for (int i=(int)(j);i>=(int)(k);i--)
using namespace std;
const int mo=998244353;
const int FFTN=1<<18;
#define poly vector<int>
namespace FFT{
int w[FFTN+5],W[FFTN+5],R[FFTN+5];
int power(int x,int y){
int s=1;
for (;y;y/=2,x=1ll*x*x%mo)
if (y&1) s=1ll*s*x%mo;
return s;
}
void FFTinit(){
W[0]=1;
W[1]=power(3,(mo-1)/FFTN);
For(i,2,FFTN) W[i]=1ll*W[i-1]*W[1]%mo;
}
int FFTinit(int n){
int L=1;
for (;L<=n;L<<=1);
For(i,0,L-1) R[i]=(R[i>>1]>>1)|((i&1)?(L>>1):0);
return L;
}
int A[FFTN+5],B[FFTN+5];
ull p[FFTN+5];
void DFT(int *a,int n){
For(i,0,n-1) p[R[i]]=a[i];
for (int d=1;d<n;d<<=1){
int len=FFTN/(d<<1);
for (int i=0,j=0;i<d;i++,j+=len) w[i]=W[j];
for (int i=0;i<n;i+=(d<<1))
for (int j=0;j<d;j++){
int y=p[i+j+d]*w[j]%mo;
p[i+j+d]=p[i+j]+mo-y;
p[i+j]+=y;
}
if (d==1<<15)
For(i,0,n-1) p[i]%=mo;
}
For(i,0,n-1) a[i]=p[i]%mo;
}
void IDFT(int *a,int n){
For(i,0,n-1) p[R[i]]=a[i];
for (int d=1;d<n;d<<=1){
int len=FFTN/(d<<1);
for (int i=0,j=FFTN;i<d;i++,j-=len) w[i]=W[j];
for (int i=0;i<n;i+=(d<<1))
for (int j=0;j<d;j++){
int y=p[i+j+d]*w[j]%mo;
p[i+j+d]=p[i+j]+mo-y;
p[i+j]+=y;
}
if (d==1<<15)
For(i,0,n-1) p[i]%=mo;
}
int val=power(n,mo-2);
For(i,0,n-1) a[i]=p[i]*val%mo;
}
poly Mul(const poly &a,const poly &b){
int sza=a.size()-1,szb=b.size()-1;
poly ans(sza+szb+1);
if (sza<=30||szb<=30){
For(i,0,sza) For(j,0,szb)
ans[i+j]=(ans[i+j]+1ll*a[i]*b[j])%mo;
return ans;
}
int L=FFTinit(sza+szb);
For(i,0,L-1) A[i]=(i<=sza?a[i]:0);
For(i,0,L-1) B[i]=(i<=szb?b[i]:0);
DFT(A,L); DFT(B,L);
For(i,0,L-1) A[i]=1ll*A[i]*B[i]%mo;
IDFT(A,L);
For(i,0,sza+szb) ans[i]=A[i];
return ans;
}
}
using FFT::Mul;
using FFT::power;
#define mxn 200005
int fact[mxn];
int inv[mxn];
void pre()
{
fact[0] = 1;
int i;
For(i,1,mxn-1)
fact[i] = fact[i-1]*1ll*i%mo;
inv[mxn-1] = power(fact[mxn-1], mo-2);
Rep(i, mxn-2, 0)
inv[i] = inv[i+1]*1ll*(i+1)%mo;
}
int nCr(int n, int r)
{
if(n < 0 || r < 0 || n < r)
return 0;
int ans = fact[n]*1ll*inv[r]%mo;
ans = ans*1ll*inv[n-r]%mo;
return ans;
}
poly compute(int n, poly &arr)
{
poly ans(n+1);
For(bit, 0, 29)
{
int k = 0;
For(i, 0, n-1)
if((arr[i] >> bit)&1)
k++;
poly ones(k+1), zero_odd(n-k+1);
for(int i=1;i<=k;i+=2) // ones(x) = C(k, 1)*x + C(k, 3)*x^3 + C(k, 5)*x^5....
ones[i] = nCr(k, i);
For(i, 0, (n-k)) // zero_odd(x) = C(n-k, 0) + C(n-k, 1)*x+....
zero_odd[i] = nCr(n-k, i);
poly odd = Mul(ones, zero_odd);
For(i, 1, n)
ans[i] = (ans[i] + odd[i]*1ll*(1 << bit)%mo)%mo;
}
return ans;
}
int main(){
ios_base::sync_with_stdio(false);
cin.tie(0);
FFT::FFTinit();
pre();
int n;
cin >> n;
poly arr(n);
For(i, 0 ,n-1)
cin >> arr[i];
poly ans = compute(n, arr);
For(i, 1, n)
ans[i] = (ans[i] + ans[i-1])%mo;
int q;
cin >> q;
while(q--)
{
int m;
cin >> m;
cout << ans[m] << '\n';
}
}
Tester's Solution
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
#include <cassert>
#include <numeric>
#include <type_traits>
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#include <intrin.h>
#endif
#include <utility>
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#include <intrin.h>
#endif
namespace atcoder {
namespace internal {
constexpr long long safe_mod(long long x, long long m) {
x %= m;
if (x < 0) x += m;
return x;
}
struct barrett {
unsigned int _m;
unsigned long long im;
barrett(unsigned int m) : _m(m), im((unsigned long long)(-1) / m + 1) {}
unsigned int umod() const { return _m; }
unsigned int mul(unsigned int a, unsigned int b) const {
unsigned long long z = a;
z *= b;
#ifdef _MSC_VER
unsigned long long x;
_umul128(z, im, &x);
#else
unsigned long long x =
(unsigned long long)(((unsigned __int128)(z)*im) >> 64);
#endif
unsigned int v = (unsigned int)(z - x * _m);
if (_m <= v) v += _m;
return v;
}
};
constexpr long long pow_mod_constexpr(long long x, long long n, int m) {
if (m == 1) return 0;
unsigned int _m = (unsigned int)(m);
unsigned long long r = 1;
unsigned long long y = safe_mod(x, m);
while (n) {
if (n & 1) r = (r * y) % _m;
y = (y * y) % _m;
n >>= 1;
}
return r;
}
constexpr bool is_prime_constexpr(int n) {
if (n <= 1) return false;
if (n == 2 || n == 7 || n == 61) return true;
if (n % 2 == 0) return false;
long long d = n - 1;
while (d % 2 == 0) d /= 2;
constexpr long long bases[3] = {2, 7, 61};
for (long long a : bases) {
long long t = d;
long long y = pow_mod_constexpr(a, t, n);
while (t != n - 1 && y != 1 && y != n - 1) {
y = y * y % n;
t <<= 1;
}
if (y != n - 1 && t % 2 == 0) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
template <int n> constexpr bool is_prime = is_prime_constexpr(n);
constexpr std::pair<long long, long long> inv_gcd(long long a, long long b) {
a = safe_mod(a, b);
if (a == 0) return {b, 0};
long long s = b, t = a;
long long m0 = 0, m1 = 1;
while (t) {
long long u = s / t;
s -= t * u;
m0 -= m1 * u; // |m1 * u| <= |m1| * s <= b
auto tmp = s;
s = t;
t = tmp;
tmp = m0;
m0 = m1;
m1 = tmp;
}
if (m0 < 0) m0 += b / s;
return {s, m0};
}
constexpr int primitive_root_constexpr(int m) {
if (m == 2) return 1;
if (m == 167772161) return 3;
if (m == 469762049) return 3;
if (m == 754974721) return 11;
if (m == 998244353) return 3;
int divs[20] = {};
divs[0] = 2;
int cnt = 1;
int x = (m - 1) / 2;
while (x % 2 == 0) x /= 2;
for (int i = 3; (long long)(i)*i <= x; i += 2) {
if (x % i == 0) {
divs[cnt++] = i;
while (x % i == 0) {
x /= i;
}
}
}
if (x > 1) {
divs[cnt++] = x;
}
for (int g = 2;; g++) {
bool ok = true;
for (int i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
if (pow_mod_constexpr(g, (m - 1) / divs[i], m) == 1) {
ok = false;
break;
}
}
if (ok) return g;
}
}
template <int m> constexpr int primitive_root = primitive_root_constexpr(m);
} // namespace internal
} // namespace atcoder
#include <cassert>
#include <numeric>
#include <type_traits>
namespace atcoder {
namespace internal {
#ifndef _MSC_VER
template <class T>
using is_signed_int128 =
typename std::conditional<std::is_same<T, __int128_t>::value ||
std::is_same<T, __int128>::value,
std::true_type,
std::false_type>::type;
template <class T>
using is_unsigned_int128 =
typename std::conditional<std::is_same<T, __uint128_t>::value ||
std::is_same<T, unsigned __int128>::value,
std::true_type,
std::false_type>::type;
template <class T>
using make_unsigned_int128 =
typename std::conditional<std::is_same<T, __int128_t>::value,
__uint128_t,
unsigned __int128>;
template <class T>
using is_integral = typename std::conditional<std::is_integral<T>::value ||
is_signed_int128<T>::value ||
is_unsigned_int128<T>::value,
std::true_type,
std::false_type>::type;
template <class T>
using is_signed_int = typename std::conditional<(is_integral<T>::value &&
std::is_signed<T>::value) ||
is_signed_int128<T>::value,
std::true_type,
std::false_type>::type;
template <class T>
using is_unsigned_int =
typename std::conditional<(is_integral<T>::value &&
std::is_unsigned<T>::value) ||
is_unsigned_int128<T>::value,
std::true_type,
std::false_type>::type;
template <class T>
using to_unsigned = typename std::conditional<
is_signed_int128<T>::value,
make_unsigned_int128<T>,
typename std::conditional<std::is_signed<T>::value,
std::make_unsigned<T>,
std::common_type<T>>::type>::type;
#else
template <class T> using is_integral = typename std::is_integral<T>;
template <class T>
using is_signed_int =
typename std::conditional<is_integral<T>::value && std::is_signed<T>::value,
std::true_type,
std::false_type>::type;
template <class T>
using is_unsigned_int =
typename std::conditional<is_integral<T>::value &&
std::is_unsigned<T>::value,
std::true_type,
std::false_type>::type;
template <class T>
using to_unsigned = typename std::conditional<is_signed_int<T>::value,
std::make_unsigned<T>,
std::common_type<T>>::type;
#endif
template <class T>
using is_signed_int_t = std::enable_if_t<is_signed_int<T>::value>;
template <class T>
using is_unsigned_int_t = std::enable_if_t<is_unsigned_int<T>::value>;
template <class T> using to_unsigned_t = typename to_unsigned<T>::type;
} // namespace internal
} // namespace atcoder
namespace atcoder {
namespace internal {
struct modint_base {};
struct static_modint_base : modint_base {};
template <class T> using is_modint = std::is_base_of<modint_base, T>;
template <class T> using is_modint_t = std::enable_if_t<is_modint<T>::value>;
} // namespace internal
template <int m, std::enable_if_t<(1 <= m)>* = nullptr>
struct static_modint : internal::static_modint_base {
using mint = static_modint;
public:
static constexpr int mod() { return m; }
static mint raw(int v) {
mint x;
x._v = v;
return x;
}
static_modint() : _v(0) {}
template <class T, internal::is_signed_int_t<T>* = nullptr>
static_modint(T v) {
long long x = (long long)(v % (long long)(umod()));
if (x < 0) x += umod();
_v = (unsigned int)(x);
}
template <class T, internal::is_unsigned_int_t<T>* = nullptr>
static_modint(T v) {
_v = (unsigned int)(v % umod());
}
unsigned int val() const { return _v; }
mint& operator++() {
_v++;
if (_v == umod()) _v = 0;
return *this;
}
mint& operator--() {
if (_v == 0) _v = umod();
_v--;
return *this;
}
mint operator++(int) {
mint result = *this;
++*this;
return result;
}
mint operator--(int) {
mint result = *this;
--*this;
return result;
}
mint& operator+=(const mint& rhs) {
_v += rhs._v;
if (_v >= umod()) _v -= umod();
return *this;
}
mint& operator-=(const mint& rhs) {
_v -= rhs._v;
if (_v >= umod()) _v += umod();
return *this;
}
mint& operator*=(const mint& rhs) {
unsigned long long z = _v;
z *= rhs._v;
_v = (unsigned int)(z % umod());
return *this;
}
mint& operator/=(const mint& rhs) { return *this = *this * rhs.inv(); }
mint operator+() const { return *this; }
mint operator-() const { return mint() - *this; }
mint pow(long long n) const {
assert(0 <= n);
mint x = *this, r = 1;
while (n) {
if (n & 1) r *= x;
x *= x;
n >>= 1;
}
return r;
}
mint inv() const {
if (prime) {
assert(_v);
return pow(umod() - 2);
} else {
auto eg = internal::inv_gcd(_v, m);
assert(eg.first == 1);
return eg.second;
}
}
friend mint operator+(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
return mint(lhs) += rhs;
}
friend mint operator-(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
return mint(lhs) -= rhs;
}
friend mint operator*(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
return mint(lhs) *= rhs;
}
friend mint operator/(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
return mint(lhs) /= rhs;
}
friend bool operator==(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
return lhs._v == rhs._v;
}
friend bool operator!=(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
return lhs._v != rhs._v;
}
private:
unsigned int _v;
static constexpr unsigned int umod() { return m; }
static constexpr bool prime = internal::is_prime<m>;
};
template <int id> struct dynamic_modint : internal::modint_base {
using mint = dynamic_modint;
public:
static int mod() { return (int)(bt.umod()); }
static void set_mod(int m) {
assert(1 <= m);
bt = internal::barrett(m);
}
static mint raw(int v) {
mint x;
x._v = v;
return x;
}
dynamic_modint() : _v(0) {}
template <class T, internal::is_signed_int_t<T>* = nullptr>
dynamic_modint(T v) {
long long x = (long long)(v % (long long)(mod()));
if (x < 0) x += mod();
_v = (unsigned int)(x);
}
template <class T, internal::is_unsigned_int_t<T>* = nullptr>
dynamic_modint(T v) {
_v = (unsigned int)(v % mod());
}
unsigned int val() const { return _v; }
mint& operator++() {
_v++;
if (_v == umod()) _v = 0;
return *this;
}
mint& operator--() {
if (_v == 0) _v = umod();
_v--;
return *this;
}
mint operator++(int) {
mint result = *this;
++*this;
return result;
}
mint operator--(int) {
mint result = *this;
--*this;
return result;
}
mint& operator+=(const mint& rhs) {
_v += rhs._v;
if (_v >= umod()) _v -= umod();
return *this;
}
mint& operator-=(const mint& rhs) {
_v += mod() - rhs._v;
if (_v >= umod()) _v -= umod();
return *this;
}
mint& operator*=(const mint& rhs) {
_v = bt.mul(_v, rhs._v);
return *this;
}
mint& operator/=(const mint& rhs) { return *this = *this * rhs.inv(); }
mint operator+() const { return *this; }
mint operator-() const { return mint() - *this; }
mint pow(long long n) const {
assert(0 <= n);
mint x = *this, r = 1;
while (n) {
if (n & 1) r *= x;
x *= x;
n >>= 1;
}
return r;
}
mint inv() const {
auto eg = internal::inv_gcd(_v, mod());
assert(eg.first == 1);
return eg.second;
}
friend mint operator+(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
return mint(lhs) += rhs;
}
friend mint operator-(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
return mint(lhs) -= rhs;
}
friend mint operator*(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
return mint(lhs) *= rhs;
}
friend mint operator/(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
return mint(lhs) /= rhs;
}
friend bool operator==(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
return lhs._v == rhs._v;
}
friend bool operator!=(const mint& lhs, const mint& rhs) {
return lhs._v != rhs._v;
}
private:
unsigned int _v;
static internal::barrett bt;
static unsigned int umod() { return bt.umod(); }
};
template <int id> internal::barrett dynamic_modint<id>::bt = 998244353;
using modint998244353 = static_modint<998244353>;
using modint1000000007 = static_modint<1000000007>;
using modint = dynamic_modint<-1>;
namespace internal {
template <class T>
using is_static_modint = std::is_base_of<internal::static_modint_base, T>;
template <class T>
using is_static_modint_t = std::enable_if_t<is_static_modint<T>::value>;
template <class> struct is_dynamic_modint : public std::false_type {};
template <int id>
struct is_dynamic_modint<dynamic_modint<id>> : public std::true_type {};
template <class T>
using is_dynamic_modint_t = std::enable_if_t<is_dynamic_modint<T>::value>;
} // namespace internal
} // namespace atcoder
#include <algorithm>
#include <array>
#include <cassert>
#include <type_traits>
#include <vector>
#ifdef _MSC_VER
#include <intrin.h>
#endif
namespace atcoder {
namespace internal {
int ceil_pow2(int n) {
int x = 0;
while ((1U << x) < (unsigned int)(n)) x++;
return x;
}
int bsf(unsigned int n) {
#ifdef _MSC_VER
unsigned long index;
_BitScanForward(&index, n);
return index;
#else
return __builtin_ctz(n);
#endif
}
} // namespace internal
} // namespace atcoder
namespace atcoder {
namespace internal {
template <class mint, internal::is_static_modint_t<mint>* = nullptr>
void butterfly(std::vector<mint>& a) {
static constexpr int g = internal::primitive_root<mint::mod()>;
int n = int(a.size());
int h = internal::ceil_pow2(n);
static bool first = true;
static mint sum_e[30]; // sum_e[i] = ies[0] * ... * ies[i - 1] * es[i]
if (first) {
first = false;
mint es[30], ies[30]; // es[i]^(2^(2+i)) == 1
int cnt2 = bsf(mint::mod() - 1);
mint e = mint(g).pow((mint::mod() - 1) >> cnt2), ie = e.inv();
for (int i = cnt2; i >= 2; i--) {
es[i - 2] = e;
ies[i - 2] = ie;
e *= e;
ie *= ie;
}
mint now = 1;
for (int i = 0; i <= cnt2 - 2; i++) {
sum_e[i] = es[i] * now;
now *= ies[i];
}
}
for (int ph = 1; ph <= h; ph++) {
int w = 1 << (ph - 1), p = 1 << (h - ph);
mint now = 1;
for (int s = 0; s < w; s++) {
int offset = s << (h - ph + 1);
for (int i = 0; i < p; i++) {
auto l = a[i + offset];
auto r = a[i + offset + p] * now;
a[i + offset] = l + r;
a[i + offset + p] = l - r;
}
now *= sum_e[bsf(~(unsigned int)(s))];
}
}
}
template <class mint, internal::is_static_modint_t<mint>* = nullptr>
void butterfly_inv(std::vector<mint>& a) {
static constexpr int g = internal::primitive_root<mint::mod()>;
int n = int(a.size());
int h = internal::ceil_pow2(n);
static bool first = true;
static mint sum_ie[30]; // sum_ie[i] = es[0] * ... * es[i - 1] * ies[i]
if (first) {
first = false;
mint es[30], ies[30]; // es[i]^(2^(2+i)) == 1
int cnt2 = bsf(mint::mod() - 1);
mint e = mint(g).pow((mint::mod() - 1) >> cnt2), ie = e.inv();
for (int i = cnt2; i >= 2; i--) {
es[i - 2] = e;
ies[i - 2] = ie;
e *= e;
ie *= ie;
}
mint now = 1;
for (int i = 0; i <= cnt2 - 2; i++) {
sum_ie[i] = ies[i] * now;
now *= es[i];
}
}
for (int ph = h; ph >= 1; ph--) {
int w = 1 << (ph - 1), p = 1 << (h - ph);
mint inow = 1;
for (int s = 0; s < w; s++) {
int offset = s << (h - ph + 1);
for (int i = 0; i < p; i++) {
auto l = a[i + offset];
auto r = a[i + offset + p];
a[i + offset] = l + r;
a[i + offset + p] =
(unsigned long long)(mint::mod() + l.val() - r.val()) *
inow.val();
}
inow *= sum_ie[bsf(~(unsigned int)(s))];
}
}
}
} // namespace internal
template <class mint, internal::is_static_modint_t<mint>* = nullptr>
std::vector<mint> convolution(std::vector<mint> a, std::vector<mint> b) {
int n = int(a.size()), m = int(b.size());
if (!n || !m) return {};
if (std::min(n, m) <= 60) {
if (n < m) {
std::swap(n, m);
std::swap(a, b);
}
std::vector<mint> ans(n + m - 1);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
for (int j = 0; j < m; j++) {
ans[i + j] += a[i] * b[j];
}
}
return ans;
}
int z = 1 << internal::ceil_pow2(n + m - 1);
a.resize(z);
internal::butterfly(a);
b.resize(z);
internal::butterfly(b);
for (int i = 0; i < z; i++) {
a[i] *= b[i];
}
internal::butterfly_inv(a);
a.resize(n + m - 1);
mint iz = mint(z).inv();
for (int i = 0; i < n + m - 1; i++) a[i] *= iz;
return a;
}
template <unsigned int mod = 998244353,
class T,
std::enable_if_t<internal::is_integral<T>::value>* = nullptr>
std::vector<T> convolution(const std::vector<T>& a, const std::vector<T>& b) {
int n = int(a.size()), m = int(b.size());
if (!n || !m) return {};
using mint = static_modint<mod>;
std::vector<mint> a2(n), b2(m);
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
a2[i] = mint(a[i]);
}
for (int i = 0; i < m; i++) {
b2[i] = mint(b[i]);
}
auto c2 = convolution(move(a2), move(b2));
std::vector<T> c(n + m - 1);
for (int i = 0; i < n + m - 1; i++) {
c[i] = c2[i].val();
}
return c;
}
std::vector<long long> convolution_ll(const std::vector<long long>& a,
const std::vector<long long>& b) {
int n = int(a.size()), m = int(b.size());
if (!n || !m) return {};
static constexpr unsigned long long MOD1 = 754974721; // 2^24
static constexpr unsigned long long MOD2 = 167772161; // 2^25
static constexpr unsigned long long MOD3 = 469762049; // 2^26
static constexpr unsigned long long M2M3 = MOD2 * MOD3;
static constexpr unsigned long long M1M3 = MOD1 * MOD3;
static constexpr unsigned long long M1M2 = MOD1 * MOD2;
static constexpr unsigned long long M1M2M3 = MOD1 * MOD2 * MOD3;
static constexpr unsigned long long i1 =
internal::inv_gcd(MOD2 * MOD3, MOD1).second;
static constexpr unsigned long long i2 =
internal::inv_gcd(MOD1 * MOD3, MOD2).second;
static constexpr unsigned long long i3 =
internal::inv_gcd(MOD1 * MOD2, MOD3).second;
auto c1 = convolution<MOD1>(a, b);
auto c2 = convolution<MOD2>(a, b);
auto c3 = convolution<MOD3>(a, b);
std::vector<long long> c(n + m - 1);
for (int i = 0; i < n + m - 1; i++) {
unsigned long long x = 0;
x += (c1[i] * i1) % MOD1 * M2M3;
x += (c2[i] * i2) % MOD2 * M1M3;
x += (c3[i] * i3) % MOD3 * M1M2;
long long diff =
c1[i] - internal::safe_mod((long long)(x), (long long)(MOD1));
if (diff < 0) diff += MOD1;
static constexpr unsigned long long offset[5] = {
0, 0, M1M2M3, 2 * M1M2M3, 3 * M1M2M3};
x -= offset[diff % 5];
c[i] = x;
}
return c;
}
} // namespace atcoder
using namespace std;
using mint = atcoder::modint998244353;
int main(){
ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
cin.tie(0);
const int mod = 998244353;
int n;
cin >> n;
vector<int> a(n);
vector<mint> ans(n + 1);
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++)
cin >> a[i];
vector<mint> fat(n + 1, 1), ifat(n + 1);
for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
fat[i] = fat[i - 1] * i;
for(int i = 0; i <= n; i++)
ifat[i] = mint(1) / fat[i];
auto ncr = [&](int n, int r){
if(n < r) return mint(0);
return fat[n] * ifat[r] * ifat[n - r];
};
for(int b = 0; b < 30; b++){
int c[2] = {};
for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){
c[(a[i]>>b)&1]++;
}
vector<int> A(n + 1, 0), B(n + 1, 0);
for(int i = 0; i <= c[0]; i++) A[i] = ncr(c[0], i).val();
for(int i = 1; i <= c[1]; i += 2) B[i] = ncr(c[1], i).val();
auto res = atcoder::convolution(A, B);
for(int i = 0; i <= n; i++){
ans[i] += mint(2).pow(b) * res[i];
}
}
for(int i = 1; i <= n; i++)
ans[i] += ans[i - 1];
int q;
cin >> q;
while(q--){
int x;
cin >> x;
cout << ans[x].val() << '\n';
}
return 0;
}
. Stumbled up on NTT more suitable with modulo. Spent some time on understanding the concept. Implemented NTT though I used some existing code of NTT. Again TLE. Tweaked the series to compute convolution and then prefix sums. Earlier I was directly calculating the answer for M which lead to more padding of zeroes to the series (as NTT/FFT gives circular convolution). Again TLE. Then I realised the I/O is slow and then used Fast IO which gave some room and also tweaked the NTT code to remove some modulo operations… Finally got AC(100) just below the time limit. Finally it was quite satisfactory and I learnt something new as well, though it cost me a lot of time… 