Help needed in clash credenz 2019 question

general
1

Link to the question. Can someone please share their approach?

2

only 2^i and (2^i)-1 will have same function values with some corner case. so u can segment tree to keep count

3

Can you please give a rough sketch of proof?

4

i dont have proof it is kind of observation

5

then how did you land on such a nice (wierd) observation? Any hint how to proceed in such type of problems

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7

You can brute too, to get the observation as well

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